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19th Century America

The 19th was the United States' first full century as a nation. It was full of birth pangs, moments of triumph, and things that made everyone shake their head and wonder what was going on. One of the most interesting of the latter bits was when British ex-pat Joshua Norton crowned himself Emperor of the United States, "reigning" from San Francisco.

Most people remember the 19th century for the Civil War. While it certainly was a significant event, one of the most important events in American history even, there were a number of surrounding factors that were just as important, and without which the War Between the States would never have developed.

Arguably the most significant of these was Western Expansion. The idea that Americans were fulfilling some kind of national destiny by claiming the Western part of the continent was called Manifest Destiny, and its origins can be found in the writings of some of the most prominent Founding Fathers, like Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Their dedication to the Enlightenment ideal of human progress (that mankind controlled its own destiny, and that that destiny was to move ever forward) translated into a need to expand their country as far as possible.

As with anything else, God used that humanist doctrine to advance His own truth. While politicians and opportunists went West to obtain land, gold, and freedom, Christian missionaries went to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. People like Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and Jason Lee braved the Oregon Trail simply to share their faith with the Native Americans in the Western Territories; the Whitmans even gave their lives, becoming the Pacific Northwest's most famous martyrs.

Meanwhile, back in the East the bigwigs were conspiring to breach the 3,000 mile gap between the East and West coasts with a recently improved invention: the steam engine train. The First Transcontinental Railroad wasn't completed till 1869 (four years after the Civil War had ended), but it's origins reach back to the 1840s when it was first envisioned by Asa Whitney.

In fact, the transcontinental railroad was a significant element of Abraham Lincoln's presidential campaign and administration. This was the problem: the North wanted the Trans to go through their territory because they had so much industrial product to move, while the South wanted it to run through the bottom half of the States so they could transport cotton, sorghum, and other agricultural goods.

The reality was a bit of a compromise, but the violent debates that stirred Congress had no small part in fomenting the division that would ultimately erupt in full-blown war. Slavery was the main issue, but it affected so many other factors that to reduce the origins of the Civil War to slavery alone is a bit revisionist and narrow-sighted.

For a lot of the 19th century, it seemed that the United States led a charmed existence, that Progress was a sure thing and there was nothing really to fear, certainly no problem that couldn't be overcome. The last two decades were exceedingly prosperous, leading to a sense of smug optimism that only the terror of World War I, the moral chaos of the Jazz Age, and the sudden insecurity of the Great Depression could effectively end.

Not everyone was man-centered and materialistic, however. The 19th century saw a surge in evangelism unlike anything the fledgling nation had seen, so pervasive and productive that it was called the Second Great Awakening. Unfortunately, a lot of doctrinal dilution came with the new preaching, but there were plenty of genuine conversions, and much good came of them.

It's difficult to reduce a one hundred year span to a few paragraphs, and there are certainly things we could have mentioned. Comprehensive treatments aren't always the best way to study history, though; each era has its own spirit and attitudes (its own zeitgeist, if you want to get all technical and German) that best represent it. We hope you'll bear that in mind in your study of the 19th century in America, and indeed throughout your study of history here and around the globe.

Topics of Interest from the 19th Century:

Review by C. Hollis Crossman
C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he is a husband and father, teaches adult Sunday school in his Presbyterian congregation, and likes weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur.Read more of his reviews here.
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20 Plays for U. S. History Classes
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1956 Newbery Medal winner
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Civil War Songbook
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Historical Non-fiction for 8th-Adult
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Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men
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Aubrey/Maturin #6
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by Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Cabot Lodge
Paperback, First Printing from Tolle Lege Press
Biography for 7th-10th grade
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Heyday
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History of US Book 5
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History of US Book 6
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History of US Book 6
History of US Book 6
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History of US Book 7
History of US Book 7
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from Robinson Curriculum
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Iron Horses Across America
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Jason Lee
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Journal of a Trapper
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Kids at Work
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1995 NCTE Orbis Pictus Honor Book
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by Kit Carson
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Labor's Untold Story
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Letter Writer
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Life and Death of Crazy Horse
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2nd edition from Christian Liberty Press
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Lincoln: A Photobiography
by Russell Freedman
from Houghton Mifflin
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1988 Newbery Medal winner
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Little House Coloring Book
Clr Csm from HarperCollins
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from Penguin Putnam
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$10.00
Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy
by Gary D. Schmidt
from Clarion Books
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2005 Newbery Honor Book
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Lone Star
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by Stephen L. Hardin, editor
from History Compass
Historical Non-fiction for 6th-9th grade
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Man Without A Country & Other Stories
by Edward Everett Hale
from Wordsworth Classics
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Men-of-War
by Patrick O'Brian
1st Us Edition from W. W. Norton and Co.
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Mexican War
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by William Coleman, editor
from History Compass
Historical Non-fiction for 6th-9th grade
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Mornings on Horseback
by David McCullough
1st edition from Simon & Schuster Macmillan
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National; Book Award
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$20.00
Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West
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from University of Nebraska
Biography for 9th-Adult
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N.C. Wyeth's Wild West
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Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee
by David Crockett
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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
by Frederick Douglass, edited and introduction by David W. Blight
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Of Courage Undaunted
by James Daugherty
from Beautiful Feet Books
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$17.95
Orphan Trains
Perspectives on History Series
by Jeanne Munn Bracken, ed.
1st edition from History Compass
Historical Non-fiction for 6th-9th grade
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Out on the Pampas
by G. A. Henty
from Robinson Curriculum
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in G. A. Henty Books (Location: FIC-HEN)
Outlaws of the Pacific Northwest
by Bill Gulick
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Outrageous Women of the American Frontier
Outrageous Women
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$9.00 (1 in stock)
Over the Applegate Trail to Oregon in 1846
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Overland Migrations
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Path to the Pacific
Sterling Point Books
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Path to the Pacific
by Neta Lohnes Frazier
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Patterns on the Wall
by Elizabeth Yates, with updated grammar and spelling by Jenny Phillips
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Pictorial History of the Civil War Years
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Pony Express
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Prairie Traveler
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Princess Ka'iulani
by Sharon Linnea
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Biography for 7th-Adult
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$15.00
Railroad
Inventions That Shaped the World
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Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail
by Theodore Roosevelt
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Biography for 9th-Adult
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