History of Science & Mathematics

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Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of scientific methods, which emphasize the observation, experimentation and explanation of real world phenomena. Given the dual status of science as objective knowledge and as a human construct, good historiography of science draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since antiquity, and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages, the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some—especially philosophers of science and practicing scientists—consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of new discoveries in mathematics. To a lesser extent it isan investigation into the standard mathematical methods and notation of the past. Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. All of these texts concern the so-called Pythagorean theorem, which seems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry. One striking feature of the history of ancient and medieval mathematics is that bursts of mathematical development were often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in Renaissance Italy in the 16th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific discoveries, were made at an ever increasing pace, and this continues to the present day.

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Parent Categories

History of Science & Mathematics

Subcategories

History of Medicine

- Doctors & Nurses

Inventions & Discoveries

Scientists, Naturalists & Inventors

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10th grade (Ages 15-16)

	2000 Years of Space Travel by Russell Freedman from Holiday House for 7th-10th grade in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS)
	Apollo on the Moon by Henry S. F. Cooper, Jr. from Dial Press for 6th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $5.00 (1 in stock)
	Aristotle Leads the Way - Student's Quest Guide by Joy Hakim from Smithsonian Books for 8th-12th grade in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $8.50 (2 in stock)
	Aristotle Leads the Way: Teacher's Quest Guide for Story of Science Book 1 by Joy Hakim from Smithsonian Books for 4th-10th grade in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $30.00 (2 in stock)
	Audubon by Constance Rourke, illustrated by James MacDonald from Harcourt, Brace & World for 7th-12th grade 1937 Newbery Honor Book in Biographies (Location: BIO)
	Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Dover Thrift Editions by Benjamin Franklin from Dover Publications for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $6.00 $2.50 (1 in stock)
	Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin World's Greatest Literature by Benjamin Franklin from Spencer Press for 9th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $5.00 (1 in stock)
	Benjamin Franklin by Carl Van Doren from Penguin Putnam for 10th-Adult in Clearance: History & Geography (Location: ZCLE-HIS)
	Benjamin Franklin by Carl Van Doren from Library of America for 10th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $14.00 (1 in stock)
	Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography and Other Writings Signet Classics by Benjamin Franklin Reprint from Signet Classics Autobiography for 9th-Adult in 18th Century Literature (Location: LIT5-18) $5.95
	Blockhead: The Life of Fibonacci by Romola Anderson, R. C. Anderson 1^st edition from Henry Holt and Company for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $19.99
	Boy Who Harnessed the Wind Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope by Bryan Mealer, William Kamkwamba from Harper Perennial for 10th-Adult in 20th & 21st Century Literature (Location: LIT7-20) $15.99
	Carver: A Life in Poems by Marilyn Nelson from Boyds Mill Press for 7th-11th grade 2002 Newbery Honor Book, Coretta Scott King Honor Award in Biographies (Location: BIO) $16.95
	Chord of Steel The Story of the Invention of the Telephone by Thomas B. Costain from Doubleday & Company for 8th-Adult in Vintage Fiction & Literature (Location: VIN-FIC) $4.00 (1 in stock)
	Collector, The David Douglas and the Natural History of the Northwest by Jack Nisbet from Sasquatch Books for 10th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $10.00 (1 in stock)
	David Douglas, A Naturalist at Work An Illustrated Exploration Across Two Centuries in the Pacific Northwest by Jack Nisbet from Sasquatch Books for 10th-Adult in Pacific States (Location: HISV-PNW)
	David Livingstone Man of Prayer and Action by C. Silvester Horne from Christian Liberty Press Biography for 7th-10th grade in Biographies (Location: BIO) $11.75
	Discovery Great Moments in the Lives of Outstanding Naturalists by John K. Terres First Ediition from J.B. Lippincott Co. for 9th-Adult in Biography Anthologies (Location: BIO-ANTH) $9.00 (1 in stock)
	Dr. Oma The Healing Wisdom of Countess Juliana von Stolberg Chosen Daughters by Ethel Herr from P&R Publishing for 6th-10th grade in Biographies (Location: BIO) $17.99
	Encyclopedia of Science and Technology by James Trefil from Routledge for 7th-Adult in Science Reference (Location: SCIREF) $4.50 (1 in stock)
	Evolution of Useful Things How everyday artifacts - from forks and pins to paper clips and zippers - came to be as they are by Henry Petroski 1^st edition from Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. for 7th-Adult in Everyday Life in History (Location: HISV-EVERY)
	Exploring the History of Medicine From the Ancient Physicians of Pharaoh to Genetic Engineering Exploring Series by John Hudson Tiner from Master Books for 5th-12th grade in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $15.19 $9.50 (3 in stock)
	Exploring the History of Medicine - Set From the Ancient Physicians of Pharaoh to Genetic Engineering Exploring Series by John Hudson Tiner for 5th-12th grade in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $28.85
	Exploring the World of Mathematics From Ancient Record Keeping to the Latest Advances in Computers Exploring Series by John Hudson Tiner from Master Books for 6th-10th grade in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $15.19 $9.50 (1 in stock)
	Exploring the World of Mathematics - Set Exploring Series by John Hudson Tiner in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $28.85
	Exploring the World of Mathematics - Supplemental Questions by Cooper Boldrick 2^nd edition from Memoria Press for 6th-10th grade in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $6.00 $3.50 (1 in stock)
	Exploring the World of Mathematics - Teacher Key & Tests by Cooper Boldrick 2^nd edition from Memoria Press for 6th-10th grade in Memoria Press Science (Location: SCICUR-MP) $8.95 $5.00 (1 in stock)
	Fabulous Opal Whiteley From Logging Camp to Princess of India by Elbert Bede from Binford & Mort Publishing for 8th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO)
	Five Equations that Changed the World The Power and Poetry of Mathematics by Michael Guillen from Hyperion Press for 9th-Adult in Math Reference & Teaching Aids (Location: MATR-TA) $4.00 (1 in stock)
	George Washington Carver: An American Biography by Rackham Holt from Doubleday, Doran & Company Inc. for 9th-12th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Ghost Map The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic–and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World by Steven Johnson from Riverhead Books for 10th-Adult in History for Adults (Location: ADU-HIS)
	Gifted Hands by M.D. Ben Carson Reprinted from Zondervan for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $18.99 $9.00 (1 in stock)
	Great Inventions Geniuses and Gizmos: Innovation in Our Time from Time Inc. for 7th-10th grade in Inventions & Discoveries (Location: SCI-INV) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	Great Men of Science Their Lives and Discoveries by Grove Wilson 1942 Printing from New Home Library for 9th-Adult in Vintage Science & Math (Location: VIN-SCI)
	Great Physicists from Galileo to Einstein by George Gamow from Dover Publications Biography for 9th-Adult in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $16.95
	Great Scientists in Bite-Sized Chunks by Nicola Chalton and Meredith MacArdle from MJF Books for 6th-Adult in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $9.00 (1 in stock)
	Icons of Invention: American Patent Models from Smithsonian Books for 7th-Adult in Inventions & Discoveries (Location: SCI-INV) $8.00 (1 in stock)
	Isaac Newton by Mitch Stokes from Thomas Nelson Publishers for 7th-Adult in Christian Encounters (Location: BIO-CE)
	John James Audubon: Painting America's Wildlife by Janet Stevenson, illustrated by Robert Boehmer from Encyclopedia Britannica for 7th-10th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $12.00 (1 in stock)
	Life & Times of Leonardo by Liana Bortolon from Curtis Publishing Co. for 8th-12th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Longitude by Dava Sobel 1^st edition from Walker and Company for 10th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO)
	Longitude by Dava Sobel 1^st edition from Penguin Books for 10th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	Louis Pasteur by Laura N. Wood 7th 1959 printing from Julian Messner for 7th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Man Who Changed How Boys and Toys Were Made The Life and Times of A. C. Gilbert, the Man Who Saved Christmas by Bruce Watson from Penguin Books for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $7.00 (1 in stock)
	Marconi: Father of Radio World in the Making by David Gunston from Crowell-Collier for 6th-12th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Microbe Hunters by Paul De Kruif from Purple House Press for 10th-Adult in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $12.99
	Miracle in the Hills by Mary T. Martin Sloop with Legette Blythe from McGraw-Hill for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $10.00 $7.00 (1 in stock)
	My First Summer in the Sierra by John Muir from Gibbs M. Smith for 9th-Adult in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19) $16.95
	My First Summer in the Sierra by John Muir from Living Book Press for 9th-Adult in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19)
	Nansen by Anna Gertrude Hall, illustrated by Boris Artzybasheff from Viking Press for 6th-10th grade 1941 Newbery Honor Book in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	On Call Jaffray Collection of Missionary Portraits by David C. Thompson, MD from Christian Publications, Inc. Biography for 8th-10th grade in Biographies (Location: BIO) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	One Giant Leap Iconic and Inspiring Space Race Inventions that Shaped History by Charles Pappas from Lyons Press for 9th-Adult in Space Race & Exploration (Location: HISA-20SPR) $13.00 (1 in stock)
	Pasteur and the Invisible Giants by Edward F. Dolan, Jr. from Dodd, Mead & Co. for 8th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $8.00 (1 in stock)
	People, Places, Things, Ideas - 4 Volume Set from Hawthorn Books, Inc. for 9th-Adult in Vintage Nonfiction (Location: VIN-NFIC) $32.00 (1 in stock)
	Personal Life of David Livingstone Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family Heroes of the Faith by W Garden Blaikie from Fleming H Revell Co. for 10th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Phineas Gage by John Fleischman from Houghton Mifflin for 6th-10th grade 2003 NCTE Orbis Pictus Honor Book in History of Medicine (Location: SCI-HIS)
	Planets, The by Dava Sobel from Viking Press for 10th-Adult in History for Adults (Location: ADU-HIS) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	PLP: Advanced Pre-Med Studies - Package from Master Books for 10th-12th grade in Master Books Science (Location: SCICUR-MB)
	PLP: Survey of Science History & Concepts - Package from Master Books for 10th-12th grade in Master Books Science (Location: SCICUR-MB)
	PLP: Survey of Science History & Concepts - Parent Lesson Planner from Master Books for 10th-12th grade in Master Books Science (Location: SCICUR-MB) $17.59
	Runner of the Mountain Tops The Life of Louis Agassiz Junior Literary Guild by Mabel Louise Robinson, illustrated by Lynd Ward from Random House for 7th-10th grade 1940 Newbery Honor Book in Vintage Fiction & Literature (Location: VIN-FIC)
	Runner of the Mountain Tops The Life of Louis Agassiz by Mabel Louise Robinson, illustrated by Lynd Ward 1st Printing from Random House for 7th-10th grade 1940 Newbery Honor Book in Vintage Fiction & Literature (Location: VIN-FIC) $10.00 (1 in stock)
	Soul of Science Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy Turning Point Christian Worldview by Nancy Pearcey & Charles Thaxton from Crossway Books for 10th-Adult in Faith & Science (Location: XAP-SCI) $17.00
	Space Shuttle: A Photographic History by Philip S. Harrington from Browntrout Publishers for 4th-10th grade in Clearance: Science & Health (Location: ZCLE-SCI)
	Story of Science - Set by Joy Hakim from Smithsonian Books for 7th-12th grade in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS)
	Stuff Matters Exploring the Marvelous Materials that Make Our Man-Made World by Mark Miodownik Reprint from Mariner Books in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS)
	Trailblazer of American Science The Life of Joseph Henry by Sarah R. Riedman Printing 'B' from Rand McNally for 7th-12th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	Twelve Seconds to the Moon A Story of the Wright Brothers by Rosamond Young & Catharine Fitzgerald 2^nd edition from Air Force Museum Foundation, Inc. for 7th-Adult in Aviation History (Location: HISV-AVIA) $8.00 (1 in stock)
	Walter Reed: Vanquishing Yellow Fever by Edward F. Dolan, illustrated by Dan Siculan from Encyclopedia Britannica for 6th-10th grade in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS) $10.00 (1 in stock)
	Way Things Work Now by David Macaulay & Neil Ardley 3^rd edition from Houghton Mifflin for 4th-10th grade in How Things Work (Location: SCIREF-HOW) $35.00
	Wheels: A Pictorial History from World Publishing Company for 7th-Adult in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
	Women in Science 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World by Rachel Ignotofsky from Ten Speed Press for 4th-12th grade in History of Science & Mathematics (Location: SCI-HIS) $6.00 (1 in stock)
	Wright Brothers by David McCullough Reprint from Simon & Schuster Macmillan for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $17.00
	Wright Brothers by David McCullough First American Condition from Simon & Schuster Macmillan for 9th-Adult in Biographies (Location: BIO) $15.00 (2 in stock)

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