Mythology

Chances are you've heard about the similarities between the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis flood account, or how Tolkien's Middle Earth was inspired by Scandinavian and Germanic folklore, or how the Romans stole the Greek gods and gave them different names. What accounts for the continuity among myths? Why is there always a creation story passed down in every culture? Who cares about "the gods," anyway?

Humans have a common story. It wasn't as if the Arapahoe Indians came into being independently of the Mandarin Chinese or the Celts; their mythologies might suggest otherwise at first glance, but on closer inspection similarities emerge. One of the most striking is the prevalent concept of a god or gods emerging from a void to create the universe. Another, particularly common in the Near East, is the story of one good man who survives a universal flood in order to preserve human and animal life.

Similarities persist beyond creation myths. Basically every mythology around the world includes a trickster figure—usually a deity, always a supernatural being, the trickster exists to tempt humans and other gods, cause problems (both benign and disastrous), and betray anyone who gets too close. In Norse mythology the trickster is Loki; for the Native Americans it was Coyote; in West African tradition he takes the form of a spider, Anansi.

There are differences, of course. Myths encapsulate a culture's religious, moral, philosophical, psychological, and scientific attitudes, and as far as any two cultures are different, their myths will reflect that. Eastern mythology sees things primarily as a unity, whereas the Greeks liked to compartmentalize (anticipating even in ancient times the Enlightenment dualism their philosophers grandfathered).

Yet even here, specific gods in both the Eastern and Western traditions were attributed certain tasks and functions. Gods frequently took other shape and appeared to humans, gods were essentially humans on a large scale, the mysteries of nature were explained by the activities of the gods (usually with a bizarre earthiness). All this is true in nearly every culture that has produced its own mythology.

Does that mean the universality of mythological types and archetypes proves the general principles to be true? Of course not—ancient myths are at odds with both Christian doctrine and modern science, and people that still believe them either live far from civilization or spend their Saturdays browsing New Age bookstore shelves. What it does mean is that human nature is pretty universal, and man's imagination is ultimately limited by the boundaries of that nature.

What myths show us best is not man as he actually is, however; they give us a clear picture of man as he would like to be. By creating stories of gods that are essentially humans without boundaries, man is able to envision his deepest fantasy, to himself be godlike. Yet it isn't the biblical holy and transcendent god man wants to be, it's simply a being actually capable of doing whatever he or she pleases without fear of consequences. The gods of myth are simply men whose rebellion has been granted license.

Reading the ancient accounts is about as instructive as you can get if you want to know how we humans think of ourselves. If the picture is less than flattering, that may be due to fits of honesty on the mythologist's part, or to the fact that as Christians we view nobility much differently. Reading the old myths is sometimes entertaining, often jarring, but always helpful if you're looking to understand Man as he really is.

Review by C. Hollis Crossman
C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he's a husband and father who loves church, good food, and weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur. Read more of his reviews here.
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Aeneas: Virgil's Epic Retold for Young Readers
by Emily Frenkel(translator and reteller), Virgil (original text), illustrated by Simon Weller
2015 Reprint from Bloomsbury Publishing
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Aeneid
by Virgil, translated by Robert Fitzgerald
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Ancient Literature/Epic Poetry for 10th-Adult
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$14.45
Arabian Nights
Scribner Illustrated Classics
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Arabian Nights I
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Signet Classics
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Atarax the Wolf Tells: Greek Myths
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Aztec and Maya Myths
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by Thomas Bulfinch
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Cat Who Went to Heaven
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Cat Who Went to Heaven
by Elizabeth Coatsworth
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by Padraic Colum
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Norse Mythology for 3rd-8th grade
$9.34
Children of Odin
by Padraic Colum, illustrated by Willy Pogany
from Macmillan
Norse Mythology for 3rd-8th grade
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Chinese Mythology: The Four Dragons
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Classical Mythology & More
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D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths
by Edgar & Ingri D'Aulaire
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Greek Mythology for 4th-9th grade
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$25.49
D'aulaires' Book of Greek Myths - Memoria Press Package
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$64.30
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by Edgar & Ingri D'Aulaire
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Norse Mythology for 3rd-8th grade
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by Lucia Gahlin
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Time-Life Myth & Mankind
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Time-Life Myth & Mankind
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Greek Gods
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Greek Mythology for 4th-6th grade
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Greek Myths
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by Bernard Evslin, Dorthy Evslin, ned Hoopes
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$13.56
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by Homer (translation by Robert Fagles)
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Ancient Literature/Epic Poetry for 9th-Adult
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Imitation in Writing Series
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Writing Curriculum for 4th-9th grade
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Time-Life Myth & Mankind
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Lon Po Po
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Myth Made Fact
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Mythology for 7th-Adult
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Mythology
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Mythology for 7th-Adult
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Mythology
by Edith Hamilton
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Myths of the Norsemen
Puffin Classics
by Roger Lancelyn Green
Reprint from Puffin Books
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Myths of the Norsemen
by H.A. Guerber
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Odyssey
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Signet Classics
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Puffin Classics from Puffin Books
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$9.34
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Odyssey of Homer
by Homer (translation by Richmond Lattimore)
from HarperCollins
Ancient Literature/Epic Poetry for 9th-Adult
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$9.34
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$10.19
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Humorous Folk Tale for Kindergarten-3rd grade
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Usborne Greek Myths
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Usborne Illustrated Guide to Greek Myths and Legends
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2025 Reprint from Unknown Publisher
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