19th Century Literature

What happened in the West during the 19th century was pretty much what you'd expect from a society whose religious and philosophical foundations had been shaken to the root after centuries of overt Christian influence. There were basically three possible responses: to reject Christianity and accept the new humanism wholesale; to try to maintain a balance between the two; or, to maintain complete allegiance to the Christian faith and defend it against the growing number of anti-Christian ideas.

Unfortunately, those in the latter group often reverted to a simple anti-intellectualism that, far from upholding a solid Christian worldview, undermined the faith to which they so desperately clung. Those who didn't go to that extreme often went to another—in their attempt to remain intellectually relevant, many Christian writers and thinkers began to embrace the increasingly unchristian ideas surfacing, and try to collate them with orthodox doctrine. It was a confusing time, and the lines of Christian culture and secular culture began to blur in increasingly bizarre ways.

For one thing, theologians began to adopt the view that science and faith were separate realms, and that each had its own realm of authority on which the other could not infringe. Charles Darwin's theory of general evolution was obviously instrumental in fostering this idea, but other forward strides in practical science like the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution, improvements in medical knowledge, and a growing sense that only what could be observed was "real" were just as influential.

It all went back to Progress, really. The Enlightenment ideal of man's interminable forward movement through the centuries meant that things were getting better, and with things demonstrably getting better it was hard for many to argue. Because many of the philosophical ideas that accompanied scientific progress were rooted in humanism rather than Christianity, people assumed the two were incompatible to some degree, and to be reconciled they had to be separated.

Not everyone was happily devoted to Progress, however. One of the 19th century's dominant literary movements was devoted to the opposite. Romanticism was as much a child of the Enlightenment as scientism, but instead of going forward they grasped Rousseau's idea that man is at his best when at his most natural, and went backward. Or tried—praising nature, deriding civilization and technology, and pursuing free love is easier evoked in poetry than practiced in real life, as its leaders soon discovered. Still, men like Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge left behind some of the greatest verse ever written.

The Victorians were certainly influenced by Romanticism and the Enlightenment, but they were a little more balanced. Writers like Charles Dickens (possibly the greatest novelist of all time) and William Makepeace Thackeray combined Christian themes, satire, social activism and a heightened aesthetic sense to simultaneously comment on and delight the culture at large. In many ways the novel came into its own during this period, though some of its best practitioners were still 50-100 years in the future.

In the New World a particularly American version of Romanticism took hold. Transcendentalism as espoused by Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, and Henry David Thoreau was less organized than its Continental counterpart. It was also less rooted in Western tradition, at least, in the Classical Western tradition; the Transcendentalists preferred biblical symbolism, particularly the Old Testament with its often unsettling and apocalyptic imagery.

No era can claim a single literary or intellectual trajectory, but each phase in human history has its own zeitgeist, the spirit of the age. For the 19th century it was the final shift of authority away from any Divine source and onto the shoulders of man. There were great Christian writers who tried to stem the tide (Robert Browning, R. L. Dabney, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, and Charles Ryrie come readily to mind), but secular man was having his heyday and mostly prevailed in the public sphere.

Without the 19th century we wouldn't have most of the fiction genres we enjoy now. Mystery and detective fiction, science fiction, fantasy, escapist adventure novels, realistic historical fiction, etc., all came into being between the beginning of the French Republic and the founding of Major League Baseball. Whatever your opinion of the ideas rampant in these works, these are some of the best philosophical treatises, novels, poems, short stories, and essays history has to offer.

Review by C. Hollis Crossman
C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he's a husband and father who loves church, good food, and weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur. Read more of his reviews here.
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20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
by Jules Verne, Translated by Lewis page Mercier, edited by Allen Grove
from Chartwell Books
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$7.50 (1 in stock)
A Christmas Carol Audio Drama - 2 CD set
by Charles Dickens
from Focus on the Family
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Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
by Mark Twain
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Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
by Mark Twain, edited by Mary R. Reichardt
from Ignatius Press
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$6.00 (2 in stock)
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Oxford World's Classics
by Mark Twain, edited with an introduction and notes by Emory Elliott
2008 Reissue from Oxford University
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Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Mark Twain Library
by Mark Twain, illustrated by E.W. Kemble and John Harley, edited by Victor Fischer, Lin Salamo with Harriet Elinor Smith and Walter Blair
from University of California Press
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$13.00 (1 in stock)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
by Lewis Carroll, illustrated by John Tenniel
from Macmillan
Fantasy for 7th-Adult
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$18.00 (1 in stock)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass
by Lewis Carroll
from Bantam Books
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Annotated Alice
by Lewis Carroll
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$10.00 (2 in stock)
Annotated Hans Christian Andersen
by Hans Christian Andersen
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Annotated Pride and Prejudice
by Jane Austen
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Around the World in Eighty Days
by Jules Verne, George M. Towle (Translator)
from Bantam Books
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$5.95 $3.00 (1 in stock)
Authoress of the Odyssey
by Samuel Butler, introduction by David Grene
from University of Chicago
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Baron's Apprenticeship
Thomas Wingfold #3 of 3
by George MacDonald
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Baronet's Song
by George MacDonald, edited by Michael R. Phillips
1st THUS from Bethany House
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Bret Harte: Stories of the Early West
by Bret Harte
from Platt and Munk Publishers
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Carl Sandburg
by Milton Meltzer
from Twenty-first Century Books
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Celebrated Jumping Frog and Other Stories
Reader's Digest World's Best Reading
by Mark Twain
from Reader's Digest
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$8.00 (2 in stock)
Christmas Carol
by Charles Dickens, illustrated by Arthur Rackham
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$9.00 (1 in stock)
Christmas Carol
by Charles Dickens,
Enriched Classic from Pocket Books
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Christmas Carol
by Charles Dickens, illustrated by Roberto Innocenti
Unabridged from Stewart, Tabori, & Chang
Fantasy for 6th-10th grade
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Cyrano de Bergerac
by Edmond Rostand
from Bantam Books
Drama for 9th-Adult
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Cyrano de Bergerac
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by Edmond Rostand
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Cyrano de Bergerac
by Edmond Rostand, translated by Brian Hooker
1963 Reprint from Heinemann Educational Books
Drama for 9th-Adult
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Daughter's Devotion
by George MacDonald, edited by Michael R. Phillips
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David Copperfield
Reader's Digest World's Best Reading
by Charles Dickens
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Dombey and Son
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Emma
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Encantadas and Other Stories
by Herman Melville
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Faust: A Tragedy
by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Translated by Martin Greenberg
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Frankenstein - Annotated
The World View Library
by Mary Shelley, edited by Ben Quine
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Gentlewoman's Choice
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Golden Age
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Grimm's Fairy Tales
Windermere Readers #4
by Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm, illustrated by Hope Dunlap
1954 printing from Rand McNally
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Hoosier Schoolmaster
from Hart Publishing Company
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Illustrated Origin of Species (abridged)
by Charles Darwin, abridged and introduced by Richard E. Leakey
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Scientific Philosophy for 9th-Adult
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Illustrated Wordsworth's Guide to the Lakes
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In His Steps
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Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
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Jolly Corner & The Real Thing
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Journal of a Trapper
by Osborne Russell, edited by Aubrey L. Haines
from Bison Books
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Journey to the Center of the Earth
by Jules Verne
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Journey to the Center of the Earth
by Jules Verne, illustrated by Edouard Riou
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Jungle Books
Macmillan Classics
by Rudyard Kipling, illustrated by Robert Shore
from Macmillan
Animal Stories for 7th-Adult
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Kidnapped
by Robert Louis Stevenson; illustrated by William Sharp
from Random House
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Lady of the Lake
by Sir Walter Scott, edited with notes by William J. Rolfe
from Houghton Mifflin
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$6.00 (1 in stock)
Lady of the Lake
The Students' Series of English Classics
by Sir Walter Scott, edited with introduction and notes by James Arthur Tufts
from Leach, Shewell & Sanborn
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$6.00 (1 in stock)
Lady Susan, The Watsons and Sanditon
Penguin Classics
by Jane Austen
from Penguin Classics
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Landlady's Master
by George MacDonald
from Bethany House
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Legend of Sleepy Hollow
by Washington Irving, illustrated by Jack Tinker
from Sealantic Fund, Inc.
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Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Other Stories
Reader's Digest World's Best Reading
by Washington Irving
from Reader's Digest
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Lewis and Clark Expedition - 3-volume Set
by Meriwether Lewis
from J.B. Lippincott Co.
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Life's Handicap
by Rudyard Kipling
from Doubleday, Page & Company
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Lorna Doone (adapted)
by R. D. Blackmore, adapted by Jordan, Berglund & Washburne, illustrated by Alexander Key
Reprint from Scott, Foresman & Co.
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$4.00 (1 in stock)
Madame Bovary
by Gustave Flaubert
from Dover Publications
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Moby-Dick
Wordsworth Classics
by Herman Melville
from Wordsworth Classics
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Moby-Dick
by Herman Melville
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Musician's Quest
by George MacDonald, edited by Michael R. Phillips
from Bethany House
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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
by Frederick Douglass, edited and introduction by David W. Blight
from Bedford Press
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Old Curiosity Shop
Reader's Digest World's Best Reading
by Charles Dickens
from Reader's Digest
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Old Curiosity Shop
by Charles Dickens, with original illustrations and an introduction by Andrew Lang
from Book-of-the-Month Club
Realistic Fiction for 9th-Adult
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$9.00 (1 in stock)
Open Boat and Other Stories
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by Stephen Crane
from Dover Publications
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Oregon Trail
by Francis Parkman, Jr., illustrated by Maynard Dixon
from Heritage Press
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$12.00 (1 in stock)
Oregon Trail
Famous Books for Young Americans
by Francis Parkman
from A. L. Burt Company
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$7.50 (1 in stock)
Peer Gynt
by E. H. Grieg, illustrated by Yoshiharu Suzuki, adapted by Makoto Oishi, translated by Ann Brannen
from Silver Burdett Press
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$14.00 (1 in stock)
Prince and the Pauper
by Mark Twain, illustrated by Frank Merrill
from Reader's Digest
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$8.00 (1 in stock)
Purloining of Prince Oleomargarine
by Mark Twain & Philip Stead
First Edition from Doubleday Book For Young Readers
for 4th-Adult
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$10.00 (2 in stock)
Ramona
by Helen Jackson
from Little, Brown & Company
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$14.00 (1 in stock)
Red-Headed League and The Adventure of the Speckled Band
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, illustrated by Paul Spina
from Franklin Watts
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Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
by Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward FitzGerald and illustrated by J. Watson Davis
from A. L. Burt Company
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Scarlet Letter
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by Nathaniel Hawthorne
from Dover Publications
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Selected Western Stories and Poems
by Bret Harte
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$4.00 (1 in stock)
Shelley's Poetry and Prose
Norton Critical Edition
by Percy Bysshe Shelley
2nd edition from W. W. Norton and Co.
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$16.50 (1 in stock)
Shirley
Penguin Classics
by Charlotte Bronte
from Penguin Classics
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$3.20 (1 in stock)
Shropshire Lad
by A. E. Housman
from Franklin Watts
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$12.00 (1 in stock)
Shropshire Lad
The Living Library
by A. E. Housman, Illustrated by Jeanne Edwards
from World Publishing Company
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$5.00 (1 in stock)
Sign of the Four
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, illustrated by Leonard Vosburgh
from Hart Publishing Company
Mystery for 8th-Adult
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$6.00 (1 in stock)
Soldiers Three
by Rudyard Kipling
from Doubleday, Page & Company
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Song of Hiawatha
by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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$2.00 (1 in stock)
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Annotated
by Robert Louis Stevenson, edited by Ben Quine
from The World View Library
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$5.00 (1 in stock)
Study in Scarlet & The Sign of Four
Dover Thrift Editions
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
from Dover Publications
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Tale of Two Cities
by Charles Dickens
from Penguin Classics
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Tale of Two Cities
by Charles Dickens
from Modern Library
Victorian Novel for 9th-Adult
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$8.00 (1 in stock)
Tale of Two Cities (adapted)
by Charles Dickens, adapted by Grace A. Benscotter & Merrill Howe and illustrated by Bernice Oehler
1923 printing from Longmans, Green & Co.
Victorian Novel for 9th-Adult
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$12.00 (1 in stock)
Tale of Two Cities - MP Student Book
by David M. Wright
1st edition from Memoria Press
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$8.50 (1 in stock)
Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe
by Edgar Allan Poe, illustrated by Russell Hoban, afterword by Clifton Fadiman
4th printing, 1967 from Macmillan
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$14.00 (1 in stock)
Tales from Shakespeare
by Richard Armour
from Penguin Classics
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Tales of the Alhambra
by Washington Irving
3rd edition from Club Everest
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$5.00 (1 in stock)
Three Musketeers
Windermere Readers #20
by Alexandre Dumas, translated by Philip Schuyler Allen
1954 Edition from Rand McNally
Historical Fiction/Adventure for 9th-Adult
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$9.00 (2 in stock)
Time Machine
by H. G. Wells
from Dover Publications
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$2.00 (1 in stock)
Tom Sawyer Abroad and Other Stories
by Mark Twain
from Grosset & Dunlap
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$4.00 (1 in stock)
Tramp Abroad
by Mark Twain, Illustrated by David Knight, Introduction by Edward Wagenknecht
from Heritage Press
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in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19)
$12.00 (1 in stock)
Treasure Island
Windermere Readers #16
by Robert Louis Stevenson, illustrated by Milo Winter
1954 Edition from Rand McNally
for 5th-10th grade
in Vintage Fiction & Literature (Location: VIN-FIC)
$9.00 (2 in stock)
Tutor's First Love
by George MacDonald, edited by Michael R. Phillips
from Bethany House
for 8th-12th grade
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$5.00 (1 in stock)
Two Years Before the Mast
by Richard Henry Dana, illustrated by Robert Frankenberg
from Doubleday & Company
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$8.00 (1 in stock)
Walden and Other Writings
by Henry David Thoreau, edited and an introduction by Joseph Wood Krutch
from Bantam Books
for 9th-Adult
in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19)
$3.00 (1 in stock)
When I Was a Slave
Dover Thrift Editions
by Norman Yetman (editor)
from Dover Publications
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in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19)
$6.00 $3.00 (1 in stock)
Works of Doyle
by Arthur Conan Doyle
from Walter J. Black, Inc.
for 9th-Adult
in Walter J. Black Classics Club (Location: VIN-LITWJB)
$5.00 (1 in stock)
Wuthering Heights with Related Readings
by Emily Bronte
from McGraw-Hill
Realistic Fiction for 9th-12th grade
in 19th Century Literature (Location: LIT6-19)
$5.00 (1 in stock)