Rudyard Joseph Kipling was born in Bombay, India, in 1865. His father, John Lockwood Kipling, was the author and illustrator of Beast and Man in India and his mother, Alice, was the sister of Lady Burne-Jones. In 1871 Kipling was brought home to England and spent five unhappy years with a foster family in Southsea, an experience he later drew on in his work The Light That Failed (1890). The years he spent at the United Services College—a school for officers' children—are depicted in Stalky and Co. (1899), and the character of Beetle is something of a self-portrait. It was during his time at the college that he began writing poetry, and Schoolboy Lyrics was published privately in 1881. In the following year he started work as a journalist in India, and while there, produced a body of work: stories, sketches and poems. The most notable of these is his Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) which made him an instant literary celebrity when he returned to England in 1889. Barrack Room Ballads (1892) contains some of his most popular pieces, including Mandalay, Gunga Din, and Danny Deever. In this collection Kipling experimented with form and dialect: the cockney accent of the soldier poems being a prime example. The influence of hymns, music-hall songs, ballads, and public poetry can be found throughout his verse.
In 1892 he married an American woman named Caroline Balestier, and from 1892 to 1896 they lived in Vermont, where Kipling wrote The Jungle Book (1894). In 1901 Kim was published, and Just So Stories followed in 1902. Tales of every kind—including historical and science fiction—continued to flow from his pen, but Kim is generally thought to be his greatest long work, putting him high among the ranks of the chroniclers of British expansion.
In 1902 Kipling made his home in Sussex, England, but he continued to travel widely. Though rich and successful, he never again enjoyed the literary esteem of his early years. With the onset of the Great War, his work became a great deal more somber. The stories he subsequently wrote— A Diversity of Creatures (1917), Debits and Credits (1926), and Limits and Renewals (1932)—are now thought by many to contain some of his finest writing. The death of his only son in 1915 also contributed to a new inwardness of vision. Kipling refused to accept the role of Poet Laureate and other civil honors, but he was the first English writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize, in 1907. He died in 1936 and his autobiographical fragment, Something of Myself, was published the following year.
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