Western Expansion (1800-1898)

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At the beginning of 1800, the United States was formally comprised of sixteen states: the original thirteen colonies having been recognized as independent by the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and the states of Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee having been added to the union by 1796. But American trappers and settlers were busily expanding to other areas, and the country was growing rapidly. Americans did not question their right to colonize vast expanses of North America beyond their country's borders. By the mid-1840s, United States expansionism was expressed in terms of "manifest destiny," and by the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had aquired all of its current territory through a series of wars and peaceful acquisitions:

  • In 1803, the United States made the the Lousiana Purchase, aquiring a huge tract of land (530 million acres!) from Napoleon Bonaparte. This land makes up approximately 22 percent of the current United States and contained parts or all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, portions of southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta, and Louisiana. Not all of this land was kept, later being ceded to Great Britain and Spain in exchange for other territory.
  • West Florida was made a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison.
  • The Red River Basin, part of current-day Minnesota and North Dakota, was acquired in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, a treaty with Great Britain which resolved boundry issues, set the US/Canadian boundary along the 49th parallel, and allowed for joint control of the Oregon Country.
  • East Florida was acquired in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain. The treaty that gained East Florida also included Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country.
  • The Oregon Country was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Great Britain until 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided that territory also at the 49th parallel. This created the Oregon Territory, which includes present-day Oregon, Washington and Idaho, as well as parts of Montana and Wyoming.
  • The Republic of Texas, which had gained its independence from Mexico in 1836, voted that year to be annexed by the United States. However it was nearly 10 years before the annexation of Texas took place. President John Tyler signed a treaty of annexation with Texas in 1844; congress approved it in 1845 and Texas became the 28th state later that year.
  • Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna warned that the annexation of Texas would be "equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Mexico had never formally acknowledged Texas independence and considered it a matter of national pride to fight for what it considered a rebel province. Thus started the Mexican-American war. The United States defeated Mexico and in the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded to the United States parts of what are Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming, and the whole of California, Nevada and Utah. They also recognized the Rio Grande as Texas' Southern border.
  • Less than five years after the Mexican Cession, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, aquiring a strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border, now in New Mexico and Arizona. This territory was later used for the southern transcontinental railroad.
  • In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia.
  • Hawaii was annexed in 1898 upon the request of a government made up primarily of American and European businessmen who had overthrown the Kingdom of Hawaii.
  • Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and Cuba were ceded by Spain to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902. The Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.
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Alamo All Stars
Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales #6
by Nathan Hale
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Antoine of Oregon
America's Children
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Bad News for Outlaws
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Ballad of Lucy Whipple
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Battle of Seattle
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Bite of the Gold Bug
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Blazing West: The Journal of Augustus Pelletier
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Bold Journey
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Bold Journey
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Bound for Oregon
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Boy in the Alamo
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Boy in the Alamo
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By the Shores of Silver Lake
Little House Series #5
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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1940 Newbery Honor Book
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By the Shores of Silver Lake
Little House Series #5
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1940 Newbery Honor Book
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By the Shores of Silver Lake (Pictorial Cover)
Little House Series #5
by Laura Ingalls Wilder; illustrated by Garth Williams
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1940 Newbery Honor Book
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By the Shores of Silver Lake - Audio Book (CD)
Little House Series #5
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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1940 Newbery Honor Book
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Cabin Faced West
by Jean Fritz
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Captain's Dog
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Caravan to Oregon
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Carolina's Courage
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Carry On, Mr. Bowditch
by Jean Lee Latham
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Biography for 5th-9th grade
1956 Newbery Medal winner
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Carry On, Mr. Bowditch
by Jean Lee Latham, illustrated by John O'Hara Cosgrave II
from Houghton Mifflin
Biography for 5th-9th grade
1956 Newbery Medal winner
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Children of the Covered Wagon
by Mary Jane Carr
2nd edition from Christian Liberty Press
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Cleared for Action!
by Stephen W. Meader
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Daniel Boone, Wilderness Scout
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by Stewart Edward White, illustrated by Henry C. Pitz
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Biography for 4th-7th grade
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Daniel Boone, Wilderness Scout
by Stewart Edward White, illustrated by James Daugherty
from Garden City Books
Biography for 4th-7th grade
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Dark and Bloody Ground
by Phyllis R. Fenner, ed.
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Davy Crockett
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1935 Newbery Honor Book
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Farmer Boy
Little House Series #3
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Farmer Boy
Little House Series #3
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Farmer Boy
Little House Series #3
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Farmer Boy
Little House Series #3
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Farmer Boy
Little House Series #3
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Little House Series #3
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Little House Series #3
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Fear in the Forest
by Cateau de Leeuw
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Fear in the Forest
by Cateau de Leeuw
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Fifer of San Jacinto
by Lee McGiffin, illustrated by Frank Nicholas
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First Four Years
Little House Series #9
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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First Four Years
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First Four Years (Pictorial Cover)
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First Four Years - Audio CD
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Flaming Arrows
by William O. Steele, Illustrated by Paul Galdone
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Gathering of Days
by Joan Blos
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1980 Newbery Medal winner
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Grandfather's Dance
by Patricia MacLachlan
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Grandfather's Dance
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Half-Breed
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Jericho's Journey
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Jimmy Spoon and the Pony Express
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Journey West on the Oregon Trail
by Cecile Alyce Nolan
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Kirsten and the New Girl
American Girls Short Stories
by Janet Shaw
First Edition, First Printing from American Girl
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Kirsten's Cook Book
American Girl
by Jodi Evert
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Little Farm in the Ozarks
Rocky Ridge Years Book 2
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Little House - Full Color Trade Paper Set
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little House - Softcover Boxed Set
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little House in the Big Woods
Little House Series #1
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Little House in the Big Woods
Little House Series #1
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little House in the Big Woods
by Laura Ingalls Wilder, illustrated by Garth Williams
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by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Rocky Ridge Years Book 1
by Roger Lea MacBride
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Little House Series #2
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Little House on the Prairie
Little House Series #2
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little House Series #2
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little Town on the Prairie
Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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1942 Newbery Honor Book
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Little Town on the Prairie
Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1942 Newbery Honor Book
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Little Town on the Prairie
Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little Town on the Prairie
Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder; illustrated by Garth Williams
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1942 Newbery Honor Book
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Little Town on the Prairie - Audio CD
Little House Series #7
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
from HarperCollins
Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1942 Newbery Honor Book
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$22.09
Long Winter
Little House Series #6
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1941 Newbery Honor Book
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Long Winter
Little House Series #6
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1941 Newbery Honor Book
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Long Winter
Little House Series #6
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
from HarperCollins
Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1941 Newbery Honor Book
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$9.34
Long Winter (Pictorial Cover)
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Long Winter - Audio CD
Little House Series #6
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
from HarperCollins
Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-8th grade
1941 Newbery Honor Book
in Audio Books & Dramas (Location: CD-AUDIO)
Major Impossible
Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales #9
by Nathan Hale
from Amulet Books
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$12.74
Martha of California
by James Otis
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Martha of California
America's Children
by James Otis
from Living Book Press
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$6.79
Mary and the Trail of Tears
from Stone Arch Books
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$6.76
May B.
by Caroline Starr Rose
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Narrative Poetry / Novel-In-Verse for 4th-7th grade
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$5.94
Neeluk
by Frances Kittredge
from Alaska Northwest Books
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$4.80 (1 in stock)
Night of the Full Moon
Stepping Stones: A Chapter Book
by Gloria Whelan
from Random House Books for Young Readers
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On the Banks of Plum Creek
Little House Series #4
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
from HarperCollins
Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-6th grade
1938 Newbery Honor Book
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$8.49
On the Banks of Plum Creek
Little House Series #4
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
from HarperCollins
Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-6th grade
1938 Newbery Honor Book
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$16.14
On the Banks of Plum Creek - Audio CD
Little House Series #4
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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Realistic Fiction/Pioneers for 3rd-6th grade
1938 Newbery Honor Book
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$12.80 (1 in stock)
On the Way Home
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
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$6.79
On to Oregon!
by Honore Morrow
from William Morrow & Company
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On to Oregon!
by Honore Morrow
1946 Edition from William Morrow & Company
for 3rd-7th grade
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Oregon Trail #01
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #02
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #03
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #04
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
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$8.49
Oregon Trail #05
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #06
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #07
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #08
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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$6.79
Oregon Trail #1-4 - Boxed Set
Choose Your Own Trail!
by Jesse Wiley
from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
for 3rd-6th grade
in Boxed Sets & Literature Packages (Location: FIC-BOX)
$26.35
Patty Reed's Doll
by Rachel K. Laurgaard
from Tomato Enterprises
Historical fiction for 5th-8th grade
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$5.60 (3 in stock)
Ranch of the Golden Flowers
by Constance Lindsay Skinner
from Bethlehem Books
for 2nd-6th grade
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$15.95
Riders of the Pony Express
North Star Books #6
by Ralph Moody
from Houghton Mifflin
for 5th-9th grade
in Vintage History & Biographies (Location: VIN-HIS)
Riding the Pony Express
by Clyde Robert Bulla
from Avyx, Inc.
for 3rd-5th grade
in Historical Fiction (Location: FIC-HIF)
12