Western Expansion (1800-1898)

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At the beginning of 1800, the United States was formally comprised of sixteen states: the original thirteen colonies having been recognized as independent by the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and the states of Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee having been added to the union by 1796. But American trappers and settlers were busily expanding to other areas, and the country was growing rapidly. Americans did not question their right to colonize vast expanses of North America beyond their country's borders. By the mid-1840s, United States expansionism was expressed in terms of "manifest destiny," and by the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had aquired all of its current territory through a series of wars and peaceful acquisitions:

  • In 1803, the United States made the the Lousiana Purchase, aquiring a huge tract of land (530 million acres!) from Napoleon Bonaparte. This land makes up approximately 22 percent of the current United States and contained parts or all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, portions of southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta, and Louisiana. Not all of this land was kept, later being ceded to Great Britain and Spain in exchange for other territory.
  • West Florida was made a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison.
  • The Red River Basin, part of current-day Minnesota and North Dakota, was acquired in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, a treaty with Great Britain which resolved boundry issues, set the US/Canadian boundary along the 49th parallel, and allowed for joint control of the Oregon Country.
  • East Florida was acquired in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain. The treaty that gained East Florida also included Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country.
  • The Oregon Country was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Great Britain until 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided that territory also at the 49th parallel. This created the Oregon Territory, which includes present-day Oregon, Washington and Idaho, as well as parts of Montana and Wyoming.
  • The Republic of Texas, which had gained its independence from Mexico in 1836, voted that year to be annexed by the United States. However it was nearly 10 years before the annexation of Texas took place. President John Tyler signed a treaty of annexation with Texas in 1844; congress approved it in 1845 and Texas became the 28th state later that year.
  • Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna warned that the annexation of Texas would be "equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Mexico had never formally acknowledged Texas independence and considered it a matter of national pride to fight for what it considered a rebel province. Thus started the Mexican-American war. The United States defeated Mexico and in the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded to the United States parts of what are Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming, and the whole of California, Nevada and Utah. They also recognized the Rio Grande as Texas' Southern border.
  • Less than five years after the Mexican Cession, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, aquiring a strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border, now in New Mexico and Arizona. This territory was later used for the southern transcontinental railroad.
  • In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia.
  • Hawaii was annexed in 1898 upon the request of a government made up primarily of American and European businessmen who had overthrown the Kingdom of Hawaii.
  • Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and Cuba were ceded by Spain to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902. The Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.
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1846 - Portrait of the Nation
by Smithsonian Institute
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Abe Lincoln Grows Up
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Abe Lincoln Grows Up
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Across America
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Adventures of Munford: Munford Meets Lewis & Clark
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Alamo!
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America in the Time of Lewis and Clark
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American Heritage History of the Indian Wars
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Bad River Boys
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Bold Journey
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Buffalo Bill
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Buffalo Bill and the Wild West
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Buffalo Bill: Frontier Daredevil
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Little House Series #5
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1940 Newbery Honor Book
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Carolina's Courage
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Children of the Wild West
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Christmas on the Prairie
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Civil Disobedience and Other Essays
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Colter's Run
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Cowboy Boots
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Cowgirls - Coloring Book
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Daily Life in a Covered Wagon
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Dakota Dugout
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Daniel Boone
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Dark and Bloody Ground
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Davy Crockett
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Davy Crockett, Young Pioneer
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Dear Levi
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Death Valley Scotty
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Early American History for Intermediate Grades (really old)
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Early Settler Storybook
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Explorers, Missionaries, and Trappers
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Facing West
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Famous American Trails
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First Four Years
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First Four Years (Pictorial Cover)
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Flaming Arrows
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Food and Recipes of Westward Expansion
Cooking Throughout American History
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Fort Clatsop
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Forts in the Wilderness
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Freighters and Pilgrims
Knowledge Keepers Home Library Series 1865
by Charles E. Young and Sarah Raymond Herndon
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From Sea to Shining Sea
by Peter Marshall & David Manuel
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From Sea to Shining Sea for Children
by Peter Marshall, David Manuel & Anna Fishel
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American History Reference for 4th-6th grade
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From Sea to Shining Sea: Americans Move West 1846-1860
How America Became America
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Frontier Fort
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Geronimo: Apache Freedom Fighter
Native American Biographies
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Going to Town
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Going West
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Going West
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Going West!
Kalideoscope Kids Book
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Gold Rush Dogs
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Good Ol' Cowboy Stories
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Grandpa's Stories
Tales of the Wild West Volume 10
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Hannah Fowler
Kentucky trilogy #2
by Janice Holt Giles
Book Club Edition from Houghton Mifflin
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Heading West
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Helen Keller: The Story of My Life
by Helen Keller
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Autobiography for 7th-10th grade
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Hero Tales
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History of Human Society: Pioneer America
The History of Human Society
by John R. Alden
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History of US Book 4
History of US Book 4
by Joy Hakim
3rd Revised Edition from Oxford University
American History Reference for 5th-9th grade
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Home Crafts (Historic Communities)
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How We Crossed the West
by Rosalyn Schanzer
Reprint from National Geographic
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